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Fundamentals of Computer

Introduction

The term computer is obtained from the word ‘compute’, which means ‘to calculate’. The effect of computers in our daily affairs is tremendous and visible in all fields.In this article, you will learn about the fundamentals of computer, its works, and functions.

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What Exactly Is A Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that can receive information, process it using arithmetic operations, and produce an output or result. In other words, they are machines that can solve problems and manipulate data. As a result, they can be defined as an electronic device that converts data into information, where data can be anything such as marks, names, ages, sexes, weight, height, and so on.

·         Computer Fundamentals

·         A computer performs the following five major operations or functions: accepting instructions/data as input

·         Data storage,

·         Data processing in accordance with the user's specifications

·         Controlling all operations within a computer and providing results in the form of output. 

Input

  • Input refers to the process of entering data and programmes into computer systems.
  • This unit transmits information from us to the computer for processing.

Storage

  • This is where all of the data and instructions are saved indefinitely.
  • The storage unit serves two major purposes:
  • Before and after processing, all data and instructions are saved here.
  • Temporarily stores intermediate processing results.

Processing

  • Processing is the act of performing arithmetic and logical operations.
  • The Central Processing Unit, or CPU, retrieves data and instructions from the storage unit and performs various calculations based on the instructions and data type provided. The result of the processing is returned to the storage unit.

Output

  • The process of producing results from input data is referred to as output.
  • The output is saved within the computer in order to be produced to a human when requested or for further processing.

Control

  • CU is in charge of all operations such as input, processing, and output.
  • It is in charge of the step-by-step processing of all computer operations.

System of computers

  • A computer system is made up of three parts: an arithmetic logical unit, a control unit, and a central processing unit.
  • These three units are referred to as functional units.
  • Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) The ALU is responsible for processing data and instructions.
  • Its main operations are logic, comparison, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

The Control Unit (CU)

  • It acts as a supervisor, ensuring that everything is done correctly.
  • The control unit is in charge of determining the sequence in which computer programmes and instructions are executed.
  • Programs stored in main memory are processed.

Interprets written instructions.

  • Sends signals to other units, such as the CU, to allow them to perform their functions.
  • It is in charge of coordinating the activities of the system's input and output devices.
  • ALU and CU combine to form the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
  • The CPU is the computer's brain.

Computer Development

The first generation of computers appeared in the mid-1940s.

The time period in which the evolution of computers occurred can be divided into five groups:

First Generation (1946–59): Vacuum tube technology was used.

Second Generation (1957-64):Transistor-based technology

Third Generation (1965-1970): Integrated circuit or IC-based technology

Fourth Generation (1970-1990): Microprocessor-based technology

Fifth Generation (1990-present): Bio-Chip technology

Computer Models

  • Computers of the present generation are classified as follows:
  • The most expensive and fastest supercomputer.
  • A supercomputer is required for specialised applications that require maximum performance, such as weather forecasting.
  • A mainframe computer is an expensive and bulky computer that can support hundreds, if not thousands, of users at the same time.
  • Mainframes are just beneath mainframes in the hierarchy.
  • In some cases, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they can run multiple programmes at the same time. Supercomputers, on the other hand, can run a single programme faster than a mainframe.